CSS Environmental Sciences Past Paper 2026

Part-II questions

1. Q. 2

   Define greenhouse effect. How does it work? Which pollutants cause global warming? Why is Pakistan highly vulnerable despite contributing less than 1% to global GHG emissions?

2. Q. 3

   Discuss important components of Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy. What is the impact of the 18th Amendment on Climate Change Policy formulation in Pakistan? How can Pakistan benefit from COP28 & COP30?

3. Q. 4

   Discuss the impact of deforestation, urbanization, and unsustainable land use on Pakistan’s carbon footprint. How can reforestation and green infrastructure mitigate climate risks?

4. Q. 5

   Assess the role of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) & Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) in large-scale energy and infrastructure projects in Pakistan. How can EIAs be strengthened to include climate change risks?

5. Q. 6

   Evaluate the effectiveness of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, and the Pak EPA Regulations 2000 in addressing environmental governance and pollution control.

6. Q. 7

   Discuss how Pakistan can integrate Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with its national climate policy. Which SDGs are most closely linked with climate adaptation and mitigation? Why is it considered essential for long-term environmental sustainability?

7. Q. 8

   Write short notes on any TWO of the following: (a) Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14000) (b) Natural Resources Management (c) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

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